Effect of Ear Acupuncture plus Dry Cupping on Activities and Quality of Life in the Adults with Chronic Back Pain: a Randomized Trial.

Background: Chronic pain is a complex phenomenon that brings physical and emotional impairments negatively impacting people's quality of life. The adoption of interventions such as ear acupuncture and dry cupping can represent a treatment option for people with chronic back pain. Objectives: To investigate the effects of ear acupuncture combined with dry cupping therapy on the interference of pain with the daily activities and quality of life of adults with chronic back pain. Methods: An open-label, randomized, parallel-group controlled clinical trial. One hundred and ninety-eight adults were randomized into control (CG - ear acupuncture) or experimental (EG - ear acupuncture combined with dry cupping) groups. Interventions were performed in five sessions, once a week, lasting five weeks. Evaluations were performed before the first session, after the last session, and seven days after the second evaluation, using the Brief Pain Inventory to assess the impact of pain on daily activities and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) to assess the quality of life. Results: Between the initial and final sessions, there were significant changes in daily activities , activity, work, mood, relationships, sleep, and in the physical, psychological and social relationships domains for both the control and experimental groups. Improved perception of quality of life and satisfaction with health were observed for the participants in the experimental group. Conclusion: Ear acupuncture combined with dry cupping showed better results in terms of perception of quality of life and satisfaction with health when compared to ear acupuncture by itself.

Effects of ear acupuncture combined with cupping therapy on severity and threshold of chronic back pain and physical disability: A randomized clinical trial.

Background and aim: Chronic back pain causes physical, functional, and emotional disabilities. Traditional Chinese Medicine therapies have been shown as interventions to treat chronic back pain. The present study aimed to clinically evaluate the effects of ear acupuncture combined with cupping therapy on people with chronic back pain. Experimental procedure: We conducted an open-label, randomized, parallel-group controlled clinical trial. Following the CONSORT statement recommendations, 198 participants were randomized into 'ear acupuncture' and 'ear acupuncture and cupping therapy' groups. Data were collected in three different points; before the first session (initial) with the patient, after the last session (final), and seven days after the end of the treatment (follow-up). The Brief Pain Inventory, a digital algometer, and the Rolland Morris Disability Questionnaire were used for data collection. Generalized Estimation Equation model was used to examine the association between the interventions and the primary outcome pain severity. Results: Pain severity, pressure pain threshold, and physical disability improved over time in both groups. However, for the patients being treated with both ear acupuncture and cupping therapy, significant changes were seen in pain severity, pain relief, and physical disabilities between the initial and final sessions. For the 'ear acupuncture and cupping therapy' group, significant changes were also seen for pain relief and physical disability in the follow-up session. Conclusion: Ear acupuncture combined with cupping therapy was shown to be more effective in the treatment of chronic back pain when compared to treatment using only ear acupuncture.

Conducting a representative national randomized control trial of tailored clinical decision support for nurses remotely: Methods and implications.

Clinical Decision Support (CDS) systems, patient specific evidence delivered to clinicians via the electronic health record (EHR) at the right time and in the right format, has the potential to improve patient outcomes. Unfortunately, outcomes of CDS research are mixed. A potential cause lies in its testing. Many CDS are implemented in practice without sufficient testing, potentially leading to patient harm. When testing is conducted, most research has focused on "what" evidence to provide with little attention to the impact of the CDS display format (e.g., textual, graphical) on the user. In an adequately powered randomized control trial with 220 hospital based registered nurses, we will compare 4 randomly assigned CDS format groups (text, text table, text graphs, tailored to subject's graph literacy score) for effects on decision time and simulated patient outcomes. We recruit using state based professional registries, which allows access to participants from multiple institutions across the nation. We use online survey software (REDCap) for efficient study workflow including screening, informed consent documentation, pre-experiment demographic data collection including a graph literacy questionnaire used in randomization. The CDS prototype is accessed via a web app and the simulation-based experiment is conducted remotely at a subject's local computer using video-conferencing software. Also included are 6 post intervention surveys to assess cognitive workload, usability, numeracy, format preference, CDS utilization rationale, and CDS interpretation. Our methods are replicable and scalable for testing of health information technologies and have the potential to improve the safety and effectiveness of these technologies across disciplines.

Relação entre dor crônica nas costas, incapacidade e qualidade de vida após auriculoacupuntura e ventosaterapia e satisfação com o tratamento: estudo transversal / Relationship between chronic back pain, disability and quality of life after auriculoacupuncture and cupping therapy and satisfaction with treatment: across-sectional study / La relación entre el dolor de espalda crónico, la discapacidad y la calidad de vida después de la acupuntura auricular y la terapia con ventosas y la satisfacción con el tratamiento: un estudio transversal

OBJETIVO: avaliar a relação da intensidade da dor, incapacidade física e qualidade devida após tratamento de auriculoacupuntura e ventosaterapia com a satisfação com o tratamento, necessidade dele para controle da dor, percepção de melhora e consumo de medicação. MÉTODO: estudo transversal conduzido com 198 pessoas com dor crônica nas costas. Foram investigadas: intensidade da dor, incapacidade física, qualidade de vida, satisfação com o tratamento, necessidade da intervenção para o controle da dor, percepção de melhora e consumo de medicação. Foi realizada correlação de Spearman a 5% de significância. RESULTADOS: Houve correlações negativas de fraca magnitude da intensidade da dor e da incapacidade física com a satisfação com o tratamento, necessidade da intervenção, percepção de melhora após o tratamento e consumo de medicamentos, e correlações positivas de fraca magnitude da percepção da qualidade de vida com a satisfação com o tratamento, necessidade da intervenção, e percepção de melhora. CONCLUSÃO: A melhora da intensidade da dor, da incapacidade física e da qualidade de vida ocasionou melhor estado geral de saúde, satisfação com o tratamento e menor consumo de medicamentos entre os participantes do estudo.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the relationship between pain intensity, physical disability and quality of life after auriculoacupuncture and cupping therapy with satisfaction with treatment, need for it to control pain, perception of improvement and medication consumption. METHOD: cross-sectional study conducted with 198 people with chronic back pain. The following were investigated: painintensity, physical disability, quality of life, satisfaction with treatment, need for intervention to control pain, perception of improvement and medication consumption. Spearman's correlation was performed at 5% of significance. RESULTS: There were low magnitude negative correlations of pain intensity and physical disability with treatment satisfaction, need for intervention, perception of improvement after treatment and medication consumption, and low magnitude positive correlations of quality of life perception with satisfaction with treatment, need for intervention, and perception of improvement. CONCLUSION: The improvement in pain intensity, physical disability and quality of life resulted in better general health status, satisfaction with treatment and lower consumption of medication among study participants.

OBJETIVOS: evaluar la relación de la intensidad del dolor, la discapacidad física y la calidad de vida después de la acupuntura auricular y la terapia con ventosas con la satisfacción con el tratamiento, la necesidad del mismo para controlar el dolor, la percepción de mejoría y el consumo de medicamentos. MÉTODO:estudio transversal realizado con 198 personas con dolor de espalda crónico. Se investigó: la intensidad del dolor, la discapacidad física, la calidad de vida, la satisfacción con el tratamiento, la necesidad de intervención para el control del dolor, la percepción de mejoría y el consumo de medicamentos. Se realizó la correlación de Spearman al 5% de significancia. RESULTADOS: Hubo correlaciones negativas de baja magnitud de la intensidad del dolor y de la discapacidad física con la satisfacción con el tratamiento, necesidad de intervención, percepción de mejoría después del tratamiento y consumo de medicamentos, y correlacion espositivas de baja magnitud de la percepción de la calidad de vida con la satisfacción con el tratamiento, necesidad de intervención y percepción de mejora. CONCLUSIÓN: La mejora en la intensidad del dolor, la discapacidad física y la calidad de vida llevaron aun mejor estado general de salud, satisfacción con el tratamiento y menor consumo de medicamentos entre los participantes del estudio.

NANDA-I, NOC, and NIC Linkages to SARS-Cov-2 (Covid-19): Part 1. Community Response.

PURPOSE: We developed linkages using interoperable standardized nursing terminologies, NANDA International (NANDA-I) nursing diagnoses, Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), to present initial guidance for the development of care plans focused on COVID-19 for nurses practicing in community or public health roles. METHODS: Seven nurse experts identified the linkages of NANDA-I, NOC and NIC for our work related to the COVID-19 pandemic. A model was developed to guide the project. The first step in creating linkages focused on the identification of nursing diagnoses. Then, for each nursing diagnosis, outcomes aligned with all components of the diagnosis were categorized and a list of nursing interventions was selected. The experts used their clinical judgment to make final decisions on the linkages selected in this study. FINDINGS: Two community level nursing diagnoses were identified as key problems appropriate for a pandemic related to COVID-19: Deficient Community Health and Ineffective Community Coping. For the nursing diagnosis Deficient Community Health, eight nursing outcomes and 12 nursing interventions were selected. In comparison for the nursing diagnosis, Ineffective Community Coping, nine nursing outcomes and 18 nursing interventions were identified. A total of40 concepts were identified for future development across the three classifications. CONCLUSIONS: The nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions selected during this linkage process provide knowledge to support the community challenged with responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, provide the opportunity to quantify the impact of nursing care, and enhance nursing practice by promoting the use of three standardized terminologies. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: NANDA-I, NOC and NIC linkages identified in this manuscript provide resources to support clinical decisions and care plan development for nurses practicing in the community.

NANDA-I, NOC, and NIC linkages to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Part 2. Individual response.

PURPOSE: To provide guidance to nurses caring for individuals with COVID-19, we developed linkages using interoperable standardized nursing terminologies: NANDA International (NANDA-I) nursing diagnoses, Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). We also identified potential new NANDA-I nursing diagnoses, NOC outcomes, and NIC interventions for future development related to nurses' role during a pandemic. METHODS: Using a consensus process, seven nurse experts created the linkages for individuals during the COVID 19 pandemic using the following steps: (a) creating an initial list of potential nursing diagnoses, (b) selecting and categorizing outcomes that aligned with all components of each nursing diagnosis selected, and (c) identifying relevant nursing interventions. FINDINGS: A total of 16 NANDA-I nursing diagnoses were identified as the foundation for the linkage work, organized in two dimensions, physiological and psychosocial. A total of 171 different NOC outcomes were identified to guide care based on the nursing diagnoses and 96 NIC interventions were identified as suggested interventions. A total of 13 proposed concepts were identified for potential future development across the three classifications. CONCLUSIONS: The linkages of nursing diagnoses, outcomes, and interventions developed in this article provide a guide to enhance nursing practice and determine the effectiveness of nurses' contribution to patient outcomes for individuals at risk for or infected by COVID-19. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: NANDA-I, NOC, and NIC linkages identified in this paper are an important example of the value of using standardized nursing terminologies to guide and document nursing care. When included in electronic health record databases and used widely, the data generated from the care plans can be used to create new knowledge about how to better improve outcomes for patients with COVID-19.

Effectiveness of Nursing Interventions to Prevent Dry Eye in Critically Ill Patients.

BACKGROUND: Critically ill patients are susceptible to the development of dry eye. Few studies have been conducted on how to best prevent and treat this condition. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of 2 nursing interventions in preventing dry eye in adult intensive care unit patients: liquid artificial tears (Lacribell; Latinofarma) and artificial tears gel (Vidisic Gel; Bausch and Lomb). METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, 140 participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: a liquid artificial tears group (n = 70) and an artificial tears gel group (n = 70). The study inclusion criteria were as follows: admission to the intensive care unit, age of 18 years or older, no diagnosis of dry eye at admission, receipt of mechanical ventilation, blink rate of less than 5 times per minute, and a score of 7 or less on the Glasgow Coma Scale. On 5 consecutive days, a single researcher who was unaware of the treatment assignment assessed the participants' eyes using the fluorescein eye stain test and the Schirmer test for dry eye. RESULTS: Dry eye developed in 21% of participants who received liquid artificial tears versus 9% of participants who received artificial tears gel (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, artificial tears gel was superior to liquid artificial tears in preventing the development of dry eye. These results may help nurses deliver evidence-based eye care aimed at reducing the risk of dry eye in critically ill patients.

An examination of the coverage of the SNOMED CT coded nursing problem list subset.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to describe the current nursing problem list subset of Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (NPLS) coverage of the American Nurses Association (ANA) recognized standardized nursing terminologies (SNTs) and to identify potential ways to expand and enhance the utility of this list. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study is a cross-sectional exploratory design. We mapped the content of the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I) (2018-2020), International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) (2017 AB), Clinical Care Classification (CCC) (2018 AA), and Omaha System (2007AC) terminologies with each other and into NPLS (August 2017 edition) using Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) (release 2018AA) as the intermediary. RESULTS: We identified a total of 1470 unique nursing diagnosis concepts across SNTs in UMLS, including 175 in CCC, 840 in ICNP, 244 in NANDA-I, 418 in Omaha System, and 631 in NPLS. The NPLS covers approximately 43% of the 1470 concepts-coverage for SNT content is 90% for CCC, 47% for ICNP, 59% for NANDA-I, and 32% for the Omaha System. DISCUSSION/RECOMMENDATIONS: The NPLS version 2017 coverage of SNT nursing diagnoses included in the UMLS is incomplete and equivocal. Recommendations: (1) ensure all SNT concepts in the UMLS are represented by SNOMED CT terms, (2) devise a formal strategy of partial matching to further enhance interoperability, (3) add a classification structure to the NPLS to enhance the ease of use and utility of the list, and (4) minimize redundancy within NPLS.

Concordância interavaliadores em avaliação da córnea de pacientes críticos / Concordancia interevaluadores en evaluación de la córnea de pacientes críticos / Inter-rater reliability in the assessment of the cornea of critical patients

Objetivo: estabelecer o grau de concordância interavaliadores na avaliação da córnea de pacientes adultos, internados em unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital público, através do teste de fluoresceína. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal com abordagem descritiva, realizado com cinco avaliadores a partir do teste de concordância na avaliação da córnea de pacientes adultos internados em unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital público de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Oitenta e cinco pacientes foram avaliados, totalizando 170 córneas. O coeficiente kappa foi utilizado para a avaliação do grau de concordância interavaliadores e para esta análise o nível de significância adotado foi o valor p < 0,05. Resultados: verificou-se concordância geral com variação do coeficiente kappa de 0,84 a 0,93 entre os avaliadores. Os índices obtidos indicam concordâncias quase perfeitas.Conclusão: a partir dos resultados, evidencia-se que os avaliadores após capacitação para avaliação corneana estão aptos a realizar o exame da córnea em pacientes adultos internados em unidade de terapia intensiva e que a concordância interavaliadores é uma importante etapa de validação a ser utilizada na calibração de profissionais para avaliações ou análises subsequentes.

Objective: to establish the degree of inter-rater reliability in the assessment of the cornea of adult inpatients of an intensive careunit of a public hospital, using the fluorescein-eye-stain test. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, conducted with fiveevaluators to reach inter-rater reliability in the assessment of cornea of adult inpatients of an intensive care unit of a public hospitalin the city of Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais. Eighty-five patients were evaluated, totaling 170 corneas. Kappa coefficient wasused to measure the degree of inter-rater reliability, and the level of significance adopted for the analysis was p < 0.05. Results:Inter-rater reliability among evaluators was reached with a variation of 0.84 - 0.93 for the kappa coefficient. The results obtainedindicate an almost perfect reliability. Conclusion: These results show that, after receiving training for corneal assessment, theevaluators are able to examine cornea of adult inpatients of an intensive care unit. Inter-rater reliability is an important validationstep to use in the education of professionals to perform assessment, or for further analyses.

Objetivo: establecer el grado de concordancia interevaluadores en la evaluación de córneas de pacientes adultos, en la unidad decuidados intensivos de un hospital público, mediante el test de fluoresceína. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio transversal conenfoque descriptivo, realizado con cinco evaluadores a partir de la prueba de concordancia en la evaluación de la córnea depacientes adultos ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital público de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Seevaluaron ochenta y cinco pacientes, con un total de 170 córneas. El coeficiente kappa fue utilizado para evaluar el grado deconcordancia interevaluadores y para este análisis el nivel de significación fue de p < 0,05. Resultados: Hubo acuerdo general con lavariación del coeficiente kappa de 0,84 a 0,93 entre los evaluadores. Los índices obtenidos indican concordancias casi perfectas.Conclusión: A partir de los resultados, es evidente que los evaluadores, después de la capacitación para la evaluación de la córnea,son capaces de llevar a cabo el examen de la córnea en pacientes adultos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, y que la concordancia interevaluadores es un paso importante de validación para se utilizar en la calibración de profesionales para la evaluación o análisis adiciona.

Olho seco em pacientes críticos: revisão integrativa / El ojo seco en pacientes en estado crítico: revisión integradora / Dry eye in critically ill patients: integrative review

Objetivo: identificar na literatura publicações sobre os fatores de risco para o olho seco em pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de adultos. Método: Realizou-se busca nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MedLine), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Web of Knowledge, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Cochrane, Instituto Brasileiro de Engenharia de Custos (IBECS) e Banco de Dados em Enfermagem (BDENF). Foram identificadas 620 publicações potencialmente elegíveis, selecionando-se, ao final, 27 publicações que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Essas foram analisadas por dois pesquisadores independentes, usando-se instrumento adaptado para verificar o nível de evidência. Resultado: Foram identificados 39 diferentes fatores de risco para olho seco, sendo os apontados em 50% ou mais dos estudos, o lagoftalmo (85,18%), o uso de sedativos (70,37%), a ventilação mecânica (66,66%) e o uso de bloqueadores musculares (55,55%). Conclusão:Foi encontrado somente um estudo que abordasse especificamente o problema do olho seco em pacientes críticos; estudos clínicos são necessários, a fim de se apresentar evidências científicas fortes ao problema.

Objective: to identify in peer literature publications on the risk of dry eye in patients admitted to adult intensive care units. Methods: A study in the databases MedLine, CINAHL, Web of Knowledge, LILACS, Cochrane, IBECS and BDENF was conducted. In these, 620 potentially eligible studies were found, and from those, 27 met the inclusion criteria and were selected. The studies were analyzed by two independent researchers who used an instrument adapted to identify the level of evidence of the articles. Results: 39 different risk factors for dry eye were identified; the following risk factors were found in 50% ormore of the studies: lagophthalmos (85.18%), use of sedatives (70.37%), mechanical ventilation (66.66%) and the use of neuromuscular blocking agents (55.55%). Conclusion: It was found only one studythat specifically addressed the dry eye problem in critically ill patients, further clinical studies are necessary in order to provide strong scientific evidence on the subject.

Objetivo: identificar los trabajos publicados sobre los factores de riesgo para el ojo seco en pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para adultos. Método: Fue realizada una búsqueda en las bases de datos MedLine, CINAHL, Web of Knowledge, LILACS, Cochrane, IBECS y BDENF. Se identificaron 620 artículos potencialmente elegibles, mediante la selección final de 27 publicaciones que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Estos fueron analizados por dos investigadores independientes, utilizando un instrumento adaptado para comprobar el nivel de evidencia. Resultados: Se identificaron 39 factores de riesgo diferentes para el ojo seco; y señaló en 50% o más de los estudios: lagoftalmos (85.18%), sedantes (70.37%), ventilación mecánica (66,66%) y el uso de bloqueo neuromuscular (55,55%). Conclusión: Sólo un estudio que aborda específicamente el problema de ojo seco se encontró en los pacientes críticamente enfermos; se necesitan estudios clínicos con el fin de proporcionar una fuerte evidencia científica al problema.

Cuidados de enfermagem a pacientes com temperatura corporal elevada: revisão integrativa / Nursing care to pacients with high body temperature: an integrative review / Cuidados de enfermería de pacientes con elevada temperatura corporal: una revisión integradora

Revisão integrativa para identificar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre os melhores cuidados de enfermagem para o paciente comtemperatura corporal elevada. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed/MedLine, LILACS, CINAHL e Cochrane Reviews. A amostra foiconstituída de 16 estudos. Os estudos foram avaliados em relação ao nível de evidência e grau de recomendação. Os artigos da amostra são derevisão sistemática, ensaio clínico randomizado, estudo de caso, descritivo, transversal, qualitativo, relato de experiência e quase-experimental. Asmelhores evidências referem-se aos cuidados com crianças e adultos com febre. Existe uma carência de estudos com delineamento experimentalque testem os cuidados de enfermagem recomendados na literatura a pacientes com temperatura corporal elevada nas diferentes faixas etárias,principalmente com idosos. Sugere-se o desenvolvimento de pesquisas clínicas que analisem os cuidados de enfermagem a pacientes adultoscom o diagnóstico de enfermagem de hipertermia, especialmente relacionados à utilização de métodos físicos, como realização de banhomorno, aplicação de compressas mornas, bolsas de gelo e ventilação do ambiente.

The aim of this integrative review is to identify available evidence in the literature concerning the best practices in nursing care for patients withhigh body temperature. The search was performed in the databases PubMed/MedLine, LILACS, CINAHL and Cochrane Reviews. The samplewas composed by 16 studies. The studies were analyzed according to their level of evidence and grade of recommendation. The articles of thesample are classified as systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, case studies, descriptive, transversal, qualitative, experience report andquasi-experimental. The best evidence refers to care of children and adults with fever. There is a lack of studies with experimental design that testthe nursing practices recommended in the literature for patients with high body temperature in different ages, specially the elderly. We suggest thedevelopment of new clinical researches, which will investigate nursing care interventions to adult patients with the nursing diagnosis hyperthermia,especially the physical interventions such as warm/cold bathing, warm/ice compresses and also ventilation of the environment.

Revisión integradora para identificar la evidencia disponible en la literatura acerca de la mejor atención de enfermería para pacientes con temperaturacorporal elevada. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, CINAHL y Cochrane Reviews. La muestra consistió en 16estudios que se evaluaron para el nivel de evidencia y grado de recomendación. Los artículos que integran la muestra son revisiones sistemáticas, ensayoscontrolados aleatorios, estudios de caso descriptivo, transversal, cualitativo, relatos de experiencia y cuasi-experimental. La mejor evidencia se refiere a laatención de niños y adultos con fiebre. Escasean los estudios de diseño experimental que ponen a prueba la atención de enfermería recomendada en laliteratura para pacientes con temperatura corporal elevada en diferentes grupos de edad, especialmente en los ancianos. Sugerimos más investigaciónclínica para analizar los cuidados de enfermería de pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de hipertermia...

[Prevalence of falls in older adults enrolled in a Health Center of Belo Horizonte-MG]. / Prevalência de quedas em idosos cadastrados em um Centro de Saúde de Belo Horizonte-MG.

Fall is used as an indicator of quality in healthcare institutions specialized in elderly care and is also considered an important indicator of quality of life of seniors in all environments. This is a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 108 elderlies enrolled at a Health Center, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, in order to determine the occurrence of falls in elderly people and also look for its association with some variables. Data were collected from clinical records and interviews during home healthcare visits using a structured and specific instrument. It was found that 64 (59.3%) of the elderly patients have already suffered falls, and a significant statistical relationship (p=0.01) between the elderly cognitive ability and the occurrence of the falls. It is recommended that nursing care focuses in the early identification of the elderlies that are more likely to suffer falls, especially those who, in addition to the risk of falling are at increased risk of suffering serious injury originated from the falls.

Integrative review: evidences on the practice of intermittent/indwelling urinary catheterization.

OBJECTIVE: to seek the best evidence available in the literature concerning the knowledge produced and related to the techniques of intermittent and indwelling urinary catheterization, so as to place the nursing care given to patients submitted to urinary catheterization on a scientific foundation and to prevent urinary tract infections. METHOD: the literature search was undertaken in the Pubmed and Cochrane databases for the development of the integrative review. The sample was of 34 articles. These were analyzed by two independent researchers using an instrument adapted for ascertaining the level of evidence and the grade of recommendation, in addition to the use of the Jadad scale. RESULTS: the evidence available related to the nursing care for patients submitted to urinary catheterization is: the infection rate in the urinary tract does not alter whether the perineum is cleaned with sterile water or not, or with the use of povidone-iodine solution or chlorhexidine; or using clean or sterile technique. The use of an intermittent catheter with clean technique results in low rates of complications or infections compared to the use of an indwelling catheter. The removal of the catheter in up to 24 hours after surgery and the use of an antimicrobial-impregnated or hydrophilic-coated catheter reduce urinary tract infection . CONCLUSIONS: there are controversies in relation to periurethral cleansing technique, the type of material the catheter is made of, and some procedures for the maintenance and removal of the catheter. This review's results represent an updating of the nurse's conducts and decision-making for the prevention of urinary tract infections in urinary catheterization.

Prevalência de quedas em idosos cadastrados em um Centro de Saúde de Belo Horizonte-MG / Prevalence of falls in older adults enrolled in a Health Center of Belo Horizonte-MG / Prevalencia de caídas en ancianos inscritos en un Centro de Salud de Belo Horizonte-MG

A queda é utilizada como indicador de qualidade em serviços especializados no cuidado de idosos, sendo também considerado importante indicador de qualidade de vida de idosos em todos os ambientes. Realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal de 108 idosos cadastrados no Programa de Saúde da Família, em um Centro de Saúde de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, com o objetivo de determinar a ocorrência de quedas nessa clientela, associando-as a algumas variáveis. Os dados foram coletados em prontuários e em visitas domiciliares por meio de entrevista estruturada, com instrumento específico. Observou-se que 64 (59,3%) dos pacientes idosos já haviam sofrido quedas, havendo relação estatisticamente significativa (p=0,01) entre capacidade cognitiva dos idosos e ocorrência das quedas. Recomenda-se o cuidado de enfermagem na identificação precoce dos idosos com maior chance de sofrerem quedas, especialmente daqueles que, além do risco de queda, apresentam risco aumentado de sofrer lesões graves decorrentes da mesma.

Fall is used as an indicator of quality in healthcare institutions specialized in elderly care and is also considered an important indicator of quality of life of seniors in all environments. This is a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 108 elderlies enrolled at a Health Center, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, in order to determine the occurrence of falls in elderly people and also look for its association with some variables. Data were collected from clinical records and interviews during home healthcare visits using a structured and specific instrument. It was found that 64 (59.3%) of the elderly patients have already suffered falls, and a significant statistical relationship (p=0.01) between the elderly cognitive ability and the occurrence of the falls. It is recommended that nursing care focuses in the early identification of the elderlies that are more likely to suffer falls, especially those who, in addition to the risk of falling are at increased risk of suffering serious injury originated from the falls.

La caída se utiliza como indicador de la calidad de los servicios especializados en el cuidado de los ancianos, y también se considera un indicador importante de la calidad de vida de las personas mayores en todos los ambientes. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 108 ancianos inscritos en el Programa Salud de la Familia de un Centro de Salud, en Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, con el fin de determinar la incidencia de caídas en esta clientela, vinculándolas a algunas variables. Los datos se obtuvieron de los registros médicos y visitas a domicilio mediante entrevista estructurada, con uso de un instrumento específico. Se observó que 64 (59,3%) de los ancianos ya había sufrido caídas, y una relación estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,01) entre la capacidad cognitiva de los ancianos y las caídas. Se recomienda la identificación temprana de las personas mayores más propensas a sufrir caídas, especialmente aquellas que, además del riesgo de caídas, tienen un mayor riesgo de sufrir lesiones graves derivados de las mismas.

Integrative review: evidences on the practice of intermittent/indwelling urinary catheterization / Revisão integrativa: evidências na prática do cateterismo urinário intermitente/demora / Revisión integrativa: evidencias en la práctica del cateterismo urinario intermitente/demora

OBJECTIVE: to seek the best evidence available in the literature concerning the knowledge produced and related to the techniques of intermittent and indwelling urinary catheterization, so as to place the nursing care given to patients submitted to urinary catheterization on a scientific foundation and to prevent urinary tract infections. METHOD: the literature search was undertaken in the Pubmed and Cochrane databases for the development of the integrative review. The sample was of 34 articles. These were analyzed by two independent researchers using an instrument adapted for ascertaining the level of evidence and the grade of recommendation, in addition to the use of the Jadad scale. RESULTS: the evidence available related to the nursing care for patients submitted to urinary catheterization is: the infection rate in the urinary tract does not alter whether the perineum is cleaned with sterile water or not, or with the use of povidone-iodine solution or chlorhexidine; or using clean or sterile technique. The use of an intermittent catheter with clean technique results in low rates of complications or infections compared to the use of an indwelling catheter. The removal of the catheter in up to 24 hours after surgery and the use of an antimicrobial-impregnated or hydrophilic-coated catheter reduce urinary tract infection . CONCLUSIONS: there are controversies in relation to periurethral cleansing technique, the type of material the catheter is made of, and some procedures for the maintenance and removal of the catheter. This review's results represent an updating of the nurse's conducts and decision-making for the prevention of urinary tract infections in urinary catheterization.

OBJETIVO: buscar as melhores evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre o conhecimento produzido e relacionado à técnica de cateterismo urinário intermitente e de demora, para embasar cientificamente o cuidado de enfermagem prestado ao paciente, submetido ao cateterismo urinário, e prevenir infecção do trato urinário. MÉTODO: a busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed e Cochrane para o desenvolvimento da revisão integrativa. A amostra foi composta por 34 artigos. Esses foram analisados por dois pesquisadores independentes, usando-se instrumento adaptado para verificar o nível de evidência e grau de recomendação, além da utilização da escala de Jadad. RESULTADOS: as evidências disponíveis, relacionadas aos cuidados de enfermagem aos pacientes submetidos ao cateterismo urinário, são: a taxa de infecção no trato urinário não altera com a higienização do períneo com água estéril ou não, com o uso de solução de iodo-povidine ou clorexidine, ou aplicando técnica limpa ou estéril. O uso do cateter intermitente com técnica limpa implica em menores taxas de complicações e infecções em comparação com a de demora. A remoção do cateter em até 24 horas após cirurgia e o uso do cateter impregnado com antimicrobiano e de revestimento hidrofílico reduz a incidência de infecção do trato urinário. CONCLUSÕES: existem controvérsias em relação à técnica de higienização periuretral, tipo de material do cateter e alguns procedimentos para a manutenção e remoção do cateter. Os resultados desta revisão representam atualização das condutas e tomada de decisão do enfermeiro para a prevenção de infecção do trato urinário no cateterismo urinário.

OBJETIVO: buscar las mejores evidencias disponibles en la literatura sobre el conocimiento producido y relacionado a la técnica de cateterismo urinario intermitente y de demora para apoyar científicamente el cuidado de enfermería prestado al paciente sometido al cateterismo urinario y precaver infección del trato urinario. MÉTODO: La busca fue realizada en las bases de datos PubMed y Cochrane para el desarrollo de la revisión integrativa. La muestra fue de 34 artículos. Éstos fueron analizados por dos investigadores independientes usando instrumento adaptado para verificar el nivel de evidencia y grado de recomendación, además de la utilización de la escala de Jadad. RESULTADOS: las evidencias disponibles relacionadas a la atención de enfermería a los pacientes sometidos al cateterismo urinario son: la tasa de infección en el trato urinario no altera con la higienización del perineo con agua estéril o no, con el uso de solución de iodo-povidona o clorhexidina; o aplicando técnica aseada o estéril. El uso del catéter intermitente con técnica aseada implica en menores tasas de complicaciones e infecciones en comparación con la de demora. La remoción del catéter en hasta 24 horas pos cirugía y el uso del catéter impregnado con antimicrobiano y de revestimiento hidrofílico reduce incidencia de infección del trato urinario. CONCLUSIONES: existen controversias con relación a la técnica de higienización periuretral, tipo de material del catéter y algunos procedimientos para el mantenimiento y remoción del catéter. Los resultados de esta revisión representan actualización de las conductas y tomada de decisión del enfermero para la prevención de infección del trato urinario en el cateterismo urinario.

Risk of surgical site infection in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery / Risco para infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas / Riesgo para infección de sitio quirúrgico en pacientes sometidos a cirugías ortopédicas

This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with surgical site infections in orthopedic surgical patients at a public hospital in Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2005 and 2007. A historical cohort of 3,543 patients submitted to orthopedic surgical procedures. A descriptive analysis was conducted and surgical site infection incidence rates were estimated. To verify the association between infection and risk factors, the Chi-square Test was used. The strength of association of the event with the independent variables was estimated using Relative Risk, with a 95 percent confidence interval and p<0.05. The incidence of surgical site infection was 1.8 percent. Potential surgical wound contamination, clinical conditions, time and type of surgical procedure were statistically associated with infection. Identifying the association between surgical site infection and these risk factors is important and contributes to nurses’ clinical practice.

Objetivou-se, neste estudo, identificar fatores de risco associados às infecções de sítio cirúrgico, em pacientes cirúrgicos ortopédicos, de um hospital público de Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre 2005 e 2007. Como método usou-se coorte histórica em 3.543 pacientes submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas. Análise descritiva e taxa de incidência de infecção foram estimadas. Para verificar a associação entre a infecção e os fatores de risco usou-se o teste qui-quadrado. A força da associação do evento com as variáveis independentes foi estimada pelo risco relativo, intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento e p<0,05. A incidência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico foi de 1,8 por cento. Potencial de contaminação da ferida cirúrgica, condições clínicas do paciente, tempo cirúrgico e tipo de procedimento ortopédico foram estatisticamente associados à infecção. A identificação de associação de infecção de sítio cirúrgico aos fatores de risco mencionados é importante e contribui para a prática clínica do enfermeiro.

Estudio para identificar factores de riesgo asociados a infecciones de sitio quirúrgico en pacientes quirúrgicos ortopédicos de un hospital público de Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre 2005 y 2007. Cohorte histórica de 3.543 pacientes sometidos a cirugías ortopédicas. Un análisis descriptivo fue realizado y la tasa de incidencia de infección fue estimada. Para verificar la asociación entre la infección y los factores de riesgo se usó el test chi-cuadrado. La fuerza de la asociación del evento con las variables independientes fue estimada por el Riesgo Relativo, con un intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento y p <0,05. La incidencia de infección de sitio quirúrgico fue 1,8 por ciento. Fueron estadísticamente asociados a la infección el potencial de contaminación de la herida quirúrgica, las condiciones clínicas del paciente, el tiempo quirúrgico y el tipo de procedimiento ortopédico. La identificación de asociación de infección de sitio quirúrgico con los factores de riesgo mencionados es importante y contribuye para la práctica clínica del enfermero.

Risk of surgical site infection in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery.

This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with surgical site infections in orthopedic surgical patients at a public hospital in Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2005 and 2007. A historical cohort of 3,543 patients submitted to orthopedic surgical procedures. A descriptive analysis was conducted and surgical site infection incidence rates were estimated. To verify the association between infection and risk factors, the Chi-square Test was used. The strength of association of the event with the independent variables was estimated using Relative Risk, with a 95% confidence interval and p<0.05. The incidence of surgical site infection was 1.8%. Potential surgical wound contamination, clinical conditions, time and type of surgical procedure were statistically associated with infection. Identifying the association between surgical site infection and these risk factors is important and contributes to nurses' clinical practice.